Robocasting of self-setting bioceramics: from paste formulation to 3D part characteristics

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of generating three-dimensional scaffold structures by robocasting 3D printing for bone tissue engineering and anatomical model applications. Robocasting is an additive manufacturing process that generates parts directly from CAD draws in a layer-wise manner, enabling construction complex with controlled chemistry specific interconnected porosity. Our strategy was based on reactivity involved components mineral cement or plaster self-setting pastes, but simultaneity chemical setting reactions required careful adaptation paste formulations secure enough time fabricate under homogeneous extruding conditions at room temperature. The two pastes studied present work were transformation calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate into gypsum mixture brushite vaterite apatite. Additives such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) introduced limited amounts (2–3% CMC 9–13% PVA) favour extrusion while achieving self-standing brands. To complete reaction, post-drying protocol developed. various sizes architectures produced. Their crystalline phase composition characterisations allowed establishing progress reaction all pastes. A rheological defining common trend extruded Compression tests presented great mechanical properties samples, particularly improved presence PVA, water absorption suitable values compositions, according their different